Tokamak
Plasma diagnostics
The extreme conditions in a fusion plasma call for
special measuring methods for investigating it state – temperature,
density, energy content, currents in the plasma, impurities, etc. One
generally tries to determine the properties of the plasma without perturbing
it by investigating the effects exerted by the plasma on the outside.
These are magnetic or electric fields, charged or neutral particles, and
electromagnetic waves which the plasma emits in a wide spectral range
from the radiofrequency to the X-ray regions.
Besides these passive methods, active methods are
also applied insofar as one can be sure that they do not change the plasma.
A particularly rewarding technique is to beam in laser light or microwaves,
which can be influenced by the plasma and thus provide information on
its properties. Particle beams are also used for diagnostics.