Mars today is a cold and dry desert seemingly devoid of life. However, in the past, about 4 billion years ago, the red planet was a much different place with thicker atmosphere, flowing water on its surface and thus with much better potential to harbour life. The first mission to Mars to search for life, the Viking mission, in 1975, found neither traces of extant or extinct life nor organic molecules on the surface of Mars, which was both disappointing and to some extent surprising. However, lately the exploration of Mars by NASA Curiosity and Perseverance rovers have shown promising results, including the identification of at least two past habitable environments on Mars in Gale and Jezero craters, and the find of the building blocks of life such as organic molecules. In this lecture I will present some of the latest results and challenges in the search for life on Mars. This includes the find of a potential biosignatures in Jezero crater by the Perseverance rover as recently announced by NASA. I will also discuss future plans for exploration of Mars including the ESA Rosalind Franklin rover, Mars sample return, and potential human exploration.
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